The results confirmed the framework proposed by Toivonen et al. (2011) that both Freeters and students in Japan have ritualist reactions, continuing to maintain the cultural norms despite the difficulty of attaining the cultural goals. In all societies, there are those who fit in the mainstream and those marginalized in the periphery. In Berry and Sam (1997) acculturation model, those who do not wish to maintain their own cultural identity and do not seek to engage with the dominant society have a marginalized orientation, lacking “cultural fit”. Applying the model to the Japanese context, the mainstream society consists of interdependent full-time workers who value group harmony and seniority ( Markus and Kitayama, 1991 Kitayama et al., 2016). On the other hand, those with a marginalized orientation in the periphery are those who reject the mainstream Japanese cultural values but do not possess a different cultural identity, such as Freeter, NEET, and Hikikomori ( Norasakkunkit and Uchida, 2011). The word “Freeter” in Japanese describes those who engage in part-time jobs only and do not seek a full-time, lifelong employment. “NEET” was first coined by Bynner and Parsons (2002) to describe those who are “not in education, employment, or training” in the UK. In the extreme case, “Hikikomori” (social withdrawal), a term first used in the academic field in 1986, describes people who avoid social interactions even with their family members, shutting themselves in their room for months or years ( Kitao, 1986). The occurrence of Freeter, NEET, and Hikikomori has been increasing, and one explanation proposed was the economic recession and globalization in Japan, paired with the institutional reluctance to reform at the cost of decreasing young adults' motivation to participate in mainstream society ( Toivonen et al., 2011). Following the explanation, this paper aims to elucidate the motivational responses of students and Freeters under different job-hunting prospects evoked by priming. The prevalence of Freeter, NEET, and Hikikomori has risen in Japan over the past few decades. Youth and Neets in Greece During the Crisis Era.The number of articles related to Hikikomori in two major Japanese newspapers, Asahi Shinbun and Yomiuri Shinbun, has grown from merely 4 in 1985 to 794 in 2005 ( Ishikawa, 2007).Young, Vulnerable, and Increasing – Why We Need to Start Worrying More About Youth Unemployment April 2020 Young, Vulnerable, and Increasing.General Theory of the Precariat Great Recession, Revolution, Reaction Alex Foti.Youth Neither in Employment, Education Nor Training (Neets).The Young Precariat in Greece: What Happened to “Generation 700 Euros”?.Japanese Irregular Workers in Protest: Freeters, Precarity and the Re-Articulation of Class.Freeter Y NEET: Expectativas Sociales Y Personales.
Alternative Lifestyles, Old Anxieties, and New Beginnings in Welcome to the N.H.K.Socio-Cultural Learning of Youth in Mobile Societies.Neets in Mediterranean EEA 2008 - 2018: a Baseline Study.
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